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The double waterfall was created particularly to solve problems in the computer development arena, but it can also apply to other projects. If a customer is building their dream home, we could nish the exterior and the interior walls, and then let them see the space before putting in furnishings and xtures. But there are some times when we do not want to use the double waterfall. Do not use the double waterfall in the following cases: When getting it right the rst time is essential. If you are putting a new satellite into orbit or putting an advert on television during a speci c sporting event, do not use the double waterfall. When the product is going to thousands of customers. Here, you could release an early version to a few customers, but the best version should go into production. When retooling production is expensive. Car manufacturing is a good example here. Changing features of a car requires retooling an assembly line, which is an expensive proposition. So it is better to nish the design of the nal car and nal production line before going into production.

Because most heat transfer processes have variable parameters-heat transfer coefficient, dead time, etc.-which vary wit,h flow, care has been taken to choose an example free of these complications, to better introduce the subject. The example chosen is that of a stirred tank reactor cooled by a constant flow of liquid circulating through its jacket. The temperature controller, as shown in Fig. 3.6, adds cold water to the circulating coolant, in order to remove the heat of reaction. There are five important dynamic elements in the process: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Heat capacity of the contents of the reactor Heat capacity of the wall Heat capacity of the contents of the jacket Lag in the temperature bulb Dead time of circulation

Question 2-2

How many radians are there in a full circle In 1/4 of a circle In 1/2 of a circle In 3/4 of a circle

Answer 2-2

In these cases, there are other solutions. For example, one can work with extensive prototyping throughout design and development, involving the customer throughout the life cycle. This ensures that we will continue to identify and adopt customer improvements throughout the project. The best companies that do this kind of work, such as Hewlett-Packard, the Saturn division of GM, and the group that developed the Plymouth/Dodge Neon, have highly structured, advanced project life cycles and change control procedures that make this work.

There are 2p rad in a full circle Therefore, 1/4 of a circle is p/2 rad, 1/2 of a circle is p rad, and 3/4 of a circle is 3p/2 rad

Question 2-3

Because all the heat leaving the reactor flows through the walls and into the coolant, the capacities of reactants, walls, and coolant interact. But in view of the slight heat capacity of the bulb, its time constant does not significantly interact with the others. Basically the process is fourcapacity plus dead-time.

Project communications management and scope de nition are the most essential processes in the concept stage. We also begin to work with issues of time, cost, and quality more extensively. It is de nitely valuable to begin risk assessment for the whole project, and to manage the risks inherent in the analysis process itself. The biggest risks in analysis are: Lack of su cient communication with customers, resulting in a requirements speci cation that does not describe what the customer wants and needs. We can prevent this by using e ective methods of communica-

Suppose we have an angle whose radian measure is 7p/6 What fraction of a complete circular rotation does this represent

Answer 2-3

Remember that an angle of 2p represents a full rotation The quantity p/6 is 1/12 of 2p, so an angle of p/6 represents 1/12 of a rotation Therefore, an angle of 7p/6 represents 7/12 of a rotation

tion, reliable requirements gathering techniques, and good tools such as data ow diagrams and prototyping. Failure to identify key stakeholders, leading to a requirements speci cation that is missing a key project component. Political con ict about the value of the project. Methods for bringing everyone onto the same page are found in 3.

Question 2-4

To determine the values of the time constants, an unsteady-state heat balance must be written across each heat transfer surface. The equation

In Fig 10-2, the gray circle is a graph of the equation x2 + y2 = 1 The point (x0,y0) lies on this circle A ray from the origin through (x0,y0) subtends an angle q going counterclockwise from the positive x axis How can we define the sine of the angle q